Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a significant class of potentially pathogenic, environmentally saprophytic bacteria that are capable of causing serious Mycobacteriosis in both animals and humans. Except for infections caused by groups of the Mycobacterium (M.) avium complex that are soil- or water-borne, water washed, water based, or water related, the sources of infections frequently go unnoticed. M. serendipity; and additional NTM species, such as M. ulcerans infection, which is referred to as a Buruli Ulcer, and M. marinum infection, also known as fish tank granuloma. Sapronoses, or pathogens that spread through water, air, and soil, are all possible classifications for NTM. Due to the abundance of published data on permanent, periodic, transient, and incidental prognoses, many clinically relevant NTM species could be considered. Mycobacteriosis that have been diagnosed in humans and domesticated animals (esp. pigs) brought on by NTM species found in garden peat, potting soil, peat from peat bogs, guano from bats and birds, and other matrices used as garden fertilizers. Dust and water aerosols contain NTM, which serve as indicators of Aerogenous infection in immunosuppressed host organisms during hospitalization, speleotherapy, and recreational activities. The clinical relevance, therapy, prevention of Mycobacteriosis, epidemiology, and ecology of NTM are all discussed in this collection of articles for this special issue.